The Role of Ulama in Mediating Political Conflicts in the Muslim World Post - Arab Spring: A Comparativ Analysis of Tunisia and Sudan

Abstract

This study examines the role of ulama (Islamic scholars) in mediating political conflicts in the Muslim world following the Arab Spring, focusing on a comparative analysis of Tunisia and Sudan. Employing a qualitative research method through literature review and library research, the study synthesizes scholarly discourse, official reports, and relevant political analyses to understand how ulama have influenced political transitions and conflict resolution in these two distinct contexts. The Arab Spring triggered profound political upheavals across the region, with ulama emerging as key actors either supporting reformist movements or advocating for stability through religious legitimacy. In Tunisia, ulama played a nuanced role by engaging with democratic processes and promoting dialogue among political factions, contributing to a relatively peaceful transition. Conversely, in Sudan, ulama were deeply involved in both grassroots mobilization and elite negotiations, often navigating complex sectarian and political divides amid ongoing conflict. The study highlights the challenges ulama face, including balancing religious authority with political partisanship, managing divergent interpretations of Islamic law, and addressing external influences. Strategic approaches employed by ulama include mediation, fatwa issuance, and fostering inclusive political discourse, which have had varying degrees of success in mitigating conflict. This comparative analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the socio-political functions of ulama in post-revolutionary Muslim societies and offers insights into their potential as agents of peace and stability. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing religious actors in political mediation frameworks and suggest pathways for enhancing their constructive engagement in future conflict resolution efforts.