Detection and Management of Fungal Leaf Spot Disease in Tomato Using Biological Control Agents

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive qualitative literature review on the detection and management of fungal leaf spot disease in tomato plants using biological control agents. Fungal leaf spot is a prevalent disease that significantly reduces tomato crop yield and quality worldwide, posing a major challenge for sustainable agriculture. The review synthesizes existing research on the identification of fungal pathogens causing leaf spot disease, including common genera such as Alternaria, Septoria, and Corynespora, and explores various diagnostic methods ranging from traditional visual inspection to advanced molecular techniques. Emphasis is placed on environmentally friendly management strategies that employ biological control agents as alternatives to chemical fungicides. These agents, including beneficial fungi, bacteria, and antagonistic microorganisms, have demonstrated potential in suppressing pathogen growth, enhancing plant resistance, and promoting sustainable crop protection. The study highlights mechanisms of action such as competition, parasitism, and induction of systemic resistance. Additionally, factors influencing the efficacy of biological controls, such as environmental conditions, application methods, and formulation, are discussed. The literature indicates that integrating biological control agents within integrated disease management programs offers a promising approach to reducing chemical inputs and mitigating pathogen resistance. Challenges such as consistency in field performance and formulation stability are identified, suggesting the need for further research and development. This review provides valuable insights for researchers, agricultural practitioners, and policymakers seeking sustainable solutions for managing fungal leaf spot disease in tomatoes, emphasizing the critical role of biological control in advancing eco-friendly agriculture.